Iran-Lebanon War: Public Health Impacts & Consequences

The escalating conflict between the U.S.-Israeli forces and Iran, compounded by ongoing instability in Lebanon, is creating a significant and rapidly worsening public health crisis across the Middle East. Even as the immediate impacts of war – injuries and displacement – are readily apparent, the longer-term consequences for regional health infrastructure and disease control are substantial and pose a growing concern for aid organizations and international health bodies like the World Health Organization (WHO).

Immediate Strain on Regional Health Systems

As of March 11, 2026, national health authorities in Iran have reported over 1,300 deaths and 9,000 injuries, while Lebanon has seen at least 570 deaths and more than 1,400 injuries. The WHO warns that these figures are likely underestimates, and the true scale of the health crisis is obscured by ongoing conflict and limited access to affected areas. Beyond the direct casualties, health systems are buckling under the weight of increased demand, attacks on healthcare facilities, and the disruption of essential medical supplies. The WHO has verified 18 attacks on healthcare facilities in Iran and 25 in Lebanon since February 28th, resulting in fatalities among health workers – 8 in Iran and 16 in Lebanon, with another 29 injured.

This strain isn’t limited to Iran, and Lebanon. Israel has also reported 15 deaths and 2,142 injuries. The broader region, already burdened by years of conflict and displacement, is seeing its limited healthcare resources stretched to the breaking point. Joe Belliveau, executive director of the humanitarian NGO MedGlobal, told ABC News that the situation is a “protracted, ongoing thing,” with immediate impacts on displacement, mental health, and the ability to deliver healthcare.

Displacement and the Rise of Infectious Diseases

A key driver of the escalating health risks is mass displacement. Up to 700,000 people have been internally displaced in Lebanon, and more than 100,000 in Iran, many of whom are now living in crowded collective shelters with limited access to basic necessities. These conditions create a breeding ground for infectious diseases. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of clean water dramatically increase the risk of outbreaks. A 2024 report from researchers in Gaza and Morocco highlighted this risk, finding that such environments represent a “perfect storm” for the spread of communicable illnesses.

The potential for outbreaks extends beyond common illnesses. Regions with weakened healthcare systems are particularly vulnerable to the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. Disrupted vaccination campaigns and limited access to healthcare further exacerbate this risk, potentially leading to widespread epidemics. The long-term economic costs of managing these outbreaks, including treatment, containment measures, and lost productivity, could be substantial.

Environmental Hazards and Long-Term Health Impacts

The conflict is also generating significant environmental hazards. In Iran, petroleum fires and smoke from damaged infrastructure are exposing communities to toxic pollutants. These pollutants can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues, eye and skin irritation, and contamination of food and water sources. The long-term health consequences of exposure to these toxins are still unknown, but could include increased rates of cancer and other chronic diseases.

The damage to infrastructure extends beyond oil facilities. Attacks on water treatment plants and sanitation systems further compromise public health, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases. The disruption of essential services, such as electricity and waste management, also contributes to the deterioration of public health conditions. Forbes reports that public health experts are concerned about both the short-term and long-term consequences of these environmental hazards.

Mental Health Crisis Deepens

Beyond the physical health impacts, the conflict is taking a heavy toll on mental health. Displacement, loss of loved ones, and the constant threat of violence are contributing to widespread trauma and psychological distress. MedGlobal’s Belliveau emphasized the “immediate impact…in terms of the mental health impact” on affected populations. Access to mental health services is limited in the region, and the increased demand is overwhelming existing resources. The long-term consequences of untreated mental health issues could be significant, including increased rates of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Impact on Aid Organizations and Healthcare Delivery

Aid organizations are struggling to respond to the growing humanitarian needs. The conflict is hindering access to affected areas, making it difficult to deliver essential supplies and provide medical care. Attacks on healthcare workers and facilities further complicate the situation, creating a dangerous environment for those trying to provide assistance. CARE International is responding in Lebanon, providing food, water, mattresses, hygiene items, and psychosocial support, but the scale of the crisis is overwhelming.

The disruption of supply chains is also impacting the availability of essential medicines and medical equipment. Sanctions and trade restrictions further exacerbate these challenges, limiting the ability of aid organizations to procure and deliver vital supplies. The long-term consequences of these disruptions could be a significant decline in healthcare quality and access.

What’s Next: Procedural Steps and Ongoing Monitoring

The WHO continues to monitor the situation closely and is working with national health authorities and aid organizations to coordinate the response. Efforts are focused on providing emergency medical care, preventing disease outbreaks, and restoring essential health services. However, the ongoing conflict and political instability make it difficult to predict the future trajectory of the crisis. Continued international support and a commitment to protecting healthcare workers and facilities are crucial to mitigating the health consequences of the conflict. The WHO is also advocating for increased funding for humanitarian assistance and long-term investments in strengthening health systems in the region. Further escalation of the conflict will undoubtedly worsen the already dire health situation, requiring a sustained and coordinated international response.