CDC: Salmonella Outbreak Linked to Small Turtles in Young Kids 2024

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is investigating a multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections linked to small turtles – those with shells less than four inches long. As of August 16, 2024, 51 cases have been reported across 21 states, with a disproportionate impact on particularly young children. This serves as a critical reminder of the ongoing risks associated with keeping these turtles as pets, despite a decades-old federal ban on their sale and distribution.

The Outbreak and Those Affected

The current outbreak is particularly concerning because nearly half (23 out of 48 hospitalized individuals for whom data is available) of those infected have required hospitalization. A significant number of cases – 17 – involve children under the age of five and 10 are infants less than one year old. These younger age groups are especially vulnerable to severe illness from Salmonella infection. The CDC notes that no deaths have been reported to date.

Salmonella infections typically cause diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps within six hours to six days of exposure. While most people recover within four to seven days without treatment, the severity can be much greater in young children, older adults, and individuals with compromised immune systems.

A Longstanding Problem: The Ban and Illegal Sales

The sale and distribution of turtles with shells less than four inches long has been federally prohibited since 1975. This ban was implemented due to repeated outbreaks of Salmonella linked to these animals. Turtles, even those appearing healthy, can carry Salmonella bacteria in their digestive tracts and shed it in their environment. Young children are particularly susceptible to infection because they may put the turtles, or anything they’ve touched, in their mouths.

Despite the law, small turtles continue to be sold through various channels, including online retailers, pet stores, and roadside markets. This ongoing illegal trade is a key driver of these recurring outbreaks. A 2023 study published in Zoonoses Public Health highlights the challenges in tracing the origin of these turtles, as they are often sold by transient vendors, making it hard to pinpoint the source of the contamination.

Understanding Salmonella and the Risks

Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans. Infection typically occurs through the fecal-oral route – meaning the bacteria is ingested after contact with contaminated feces. In the context of turtles, this can happen through direct contact with the animal, its water, or its habitat. It’s critical to note that Salmonella is a common bacterium, and most infections are not severe. However, the risk is elevated with small turtles due to their prevalence and the likelihood of close contact, especially with young children.

What Should You Do?

The CDC offers clear guidance to protect yourself and your family:

• Only purchase turtles with shells longer than four inches from reputable pet stores or rescue organizations.
• Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after touching a turtle, its habitat, or anything in its environment. Supervise young children to ensure they wash their hands properly.
• Do not release turtles into the wild if you can no longer care for them. Contact a local pet store or reptile rescue for assistance.
• Consider carefully whether a turtle is the right pet for your family. Turtles are not recommended for children under five, adults 65 and older, or people with weakened immune systems.

The Public Health Response and What Comes Next

The CDC, in collaboration with state and local health departments, is continuing to investigate this outbreak. This includes collecting data on cases, conducting laboratory tests to identify the specific strains of Salmonella involved, and attempting to trace the turtles back to their source. Public health officials are also working to educate the public about the risks associated with small turtles and the importance of following safe handling practices.

The CDC’s investigation will likely inform future guidance and enforcement efforts aimed at curbing the illegal sale of small turtles. Continued surveillance is crucial to identify and respond to outbreaks promptly. Individuals suspecting a Salmonella infection should contact their healthcare provider. More information about Salmonella and this outbreak can be found on the CDC’s website.