PFAS Exposure Linked to Lower Bone Density in Children at Age 12

Concerns are growing about the potential long-term health effects of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), often called “forever chemicals,” even during childhood. New research published in the Journal of the Endocrine Society suggests a link between PFAS exposure and reduced bone mineral density in adolescents, a critical period for skeletal development. The study, focusing on data collected over two decades, adds to a growing body of evidence highlighting the widespread impact of these chemicals on human health.

PFAS and Bone Development: What the Study Found

Researchers analyzed data from the HOME study, a prospective cohort involving 218 women and their children, tracking PFAS levels in blood samples collected from the children at birth, and at ages 3, 8, and 12. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured via DXA scans around age 12. The findings revealed a consistent association between higher levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a common type of PFAS, and decreased BMD at the lower one-third of the radius – a bone in the forearm. Increased exposure to all PFAS combined at ages 8 and 12 was also linked to lower BMD across multiple sites in the body.

Although, the relationship wasn’t straightforward for all PFAS compounds. Some, like perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), were associated with increased BMD at certain ages and locations. This suggests that the effects of PFAS on bone development may vary depending on the specific chemical, the timing of exposure, and the site in the body where bone density is measured. Healio reports that Jessie P. Buckley, PhD, MPH, professor of epidemiology at the University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, emphasized the consistency of the findings for PFOA, noting that higher levels measured at multiple time points were consistently linked to lower forearm bone density.

Why Bone Health in Adolescence Matters

Adolescence is a crucial period for bone accrual – the process of building bone mass. Peak bone mass achieved during these years significantly influences skeletal health throughout life, impacting the risk of fractures and osteoporosis later on. Reduced BMD during adolescence could therefore have long-term consequences. The study doesn’t prove that PFAS cause lower bone density, but it raises concerns and warrants further investigation. It’s important to remember that correlation does not equal causation; other factors could be at play.

Understanding PFAS: Sources and Exposure

PFAS are a large group of man-made chemicals used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products, including non-stick cookware, firefighting foam, and food packaging. Their persistence in the environment and the human body has earned them the nickname “forever chemicals.” SoftPro Water Systems explains that PFAS don’t break down easily and can accumulate in living organisms, potentially leading to cumulative health effects. Exposure occurs through various pathways, including contaminated drinking water, food, and air. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working to establish national drinking water standards for several PFAS compounds, but the process is ongoing.

The Complexity of PFAS Mixtures

The study also examined the effects of PFAS mixtures, finding that higher overall PFAS exposure at age 3 was associated with increased BMD in most areas, even as higher exposure at ages 8 and 12 was linked to decreased BMD across all sites. This highlights the complexity of assessing PFAS health risks, as the combined effects of multiple chemicals can be different from the effects of individual compounds. Researchers are still working to understand how different PFAS interact with each other and with the human body.

What Does This Mean for Public Health?

The findings underscore the need for continued research into the health effects of PFAS exposure, particularly during vulnerable periods like childhood and adolescence. Dr. Buckley suggests that reducing PFAS exposure in early life could help support better bone health and potentially lower the risk of fractures and osteoporosis in adulthood. However, it’s important to note that this study does not establish a causal link, and more research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the extent to which PFAS exposure contributes to bone health problems.

Currently, public health efforts are focused on identifying and mitigating sources of PFAS contamination in drinking water and the environment. The EPA is developing regulations to limit PFAS levels in drinking water, and states are also taking action to address PFAS contamination. Individuals concerned about PFAS exposure can check with their local water utility for information on PFAS levels in their drinking water and consider using a water filter certified to remove PFAS. Healio provides ongoing coverage of PFAS-related news and research, offering updates on regulatory developments and scientific findings.

Future Research Directions

Dr. Buckley indicated that future research should focus on assessing whether PFAS exposure is linked to changes in BMD during adolescence and adulthood, and whether it may increase the risk of osteoporosis or fractures later in life. Longitudinal studies that follow individuals over time will be crucial for understanding the long-term health consequences of PFAS exposure. Further investigation is also needed to clarify the mechanisms by which PFAS may affect bone metabolism and to identify potential interventions to mitigate these effects.

For more information, Jessie P. Buckley, PhD, MPH, can be reached at [email protected] or on LinkedIn @JessieBuckley.