Photobiomodulation: Promising Therapy for Retinal Health & AMD?

The promise of restoring vision and even slowing age-related decline with light therapy is gaining traction, but is photobiomodulation a revolutionary breakthrough or simply another unproven treatment? The Valeda light delivery system received authorization in November 2024, and clinicians have been offering the treatment since summer 2025, sparking both excitement and skepticism within the ophthalmology community.

Photobiomodulation, involves shining a specific combination of three wavelengths of light – 590 nm, 660 nm, and 850 nm – into the eye. The underlying theory centers on activating mitochondria within retinal cells, essentially boosting their energy production. This approach aims to regenerate damaged cells or, at the remarkably least, slow the progression of conditions like geographic atrophy, a late stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

FDA Authorization and Initial Study Findings

The FDA authorization was based on a study involving 148 eyes over two years. Researchers found a significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity in those receiving the photobiomodulation treatment compared to a sham group, which received reduced light at 590 nm. Importantly, the study also indicated a significant reduction in the number of eyes progressing to geographic atrophy. Alcon’s acquisition of Lumithera, the original developer of the Valeda device, further signals industry interest in this technology.

Because the Valeda treatment carries minimal risk, the FDA did not require a large-scale, costly trial for approval. This approach allows for quicker access to the treatment, potentially benefiting patients, while still gathering real-world data on its effectiveness. Although, it also means that the evidence base is still relatively limited.

A Familiar Debate: New Treatments and Initial Resistance

The introduction of photobiomodulation has been met with resistance from some in the medical community, with concerns raised about its unproven nature. Francis W. Price Jr., MD, of Price Vision Group in Indianapolis, notes that the skepticism echoes the initial reactions to refractive surgery 40 years ago. He explains that patients frequently ask about treatments for macular degeneration, and when a potentially beneficial, low-risk option like photobiomodulation emerges, it warrants investigation.

Dr. Price’s practice is currently collecting data to assess the long-term effects of photobiomodulation, and initial results are promising. He emphasizes the importance of careful data analysis and longer follow-up periods to definitively prove the treatment’s benefits.

The Role of Light Wavelengths and Mitochondrial Activation

Recent research supports the idea that specific wavelengths of light can have systemic effects on the body, including vision. A study published in July 2025 by Jeffrey and colleagues demonstrated that longer wavelengths of light can penetrate the body and even influence color vision, even when the eyes are shielded. Elamipretide, another treatment for dry AMD, also targets mitochondria, highlighting their crucial role in retinal health.

The study further suggests that longer wavelengths of light, similar to those found in sunlight, can promote healing by activating mitochondria and increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. The outer layer of the retina boasts the highest concentration of mitochondria in the body, making it a prime target for this type of therapy. Interestingly, the research indicated that exposure to longer wavelengths of light in other areas of the body could also benefit the retina.

This finding raises questions about the potential impact of modern LED lighting, which often lacks the longer wavelengths present in incandescent bulbs or firelight. Could a deficiency in these wavelengths contribute to health issues, including vision problems?

Balancing Potential Benefits with Potential Risks

While photobiomodulation appears safe, it’s crucial to acknowledge the necessitate for continued research and careful monitoring. A Cochrane-type systematic review of veterinary light therapy found inconclusive results, underscoring the importance of considering treatment parameters and study design.

excessive light exposure can be detrimental. Studies have shown that high-intensity laser treatments used for myopia control can lead to decreased cone density in the macula and other retinal degenerative changes in children. Dr. Price stresses that Valeda photobiomodulation does not employ a laser and has not been associated with any retinal damage.

Looking Ahead: Further Research and Potential Applications

Photobiomodulation and other light therapies hold promise for treating a range of ailments. Clinics are already utilizing ultraviolet light for air purification, and the exploration of longer wavelengths for retinal health is a natural extension of this trend. Some researchers even speculate that longer wavelengths of light may improve cognitive function, drawing parallels to historical observations about the effects of firelight on perception.

rigorous data analysis and long-term follow-up are essential to confirm the benefits of photobiomodulation. As with any new treatment, a cautious and evidence-based approach is paramount. The ongoing research and clinical experience will determine whether this technology truly represents a revolutionary breakthrough or remains an unproven therapy.

Francis W. Price Jr., MD, can be reached at [email protected].